Engel v Vitale - (1962) declared that mandatory prayer in public schools was unconstitutional according to the 1st Amendment's establishment clause
Lemon v Kurtzman - (1971) laws that are passed to benefit state religion and not for a secular purpose are not constitutional; separation of state and religion
Wisconsin v Yoder - (1972) allowed 3 Amish students to stop their schooling at the 8th grade because of their right to free exercise of their religion
Lee v Weisman - (1992) prevents a clergy member from delivering prayers at public school graduation ceremonies based on the establishment clause
Zaleman v Simmons-Harris - (2002) a school voucher program for parents to enroll their child into religious private schools does not violate the establishment clause
Schenck v United States - (1919) passing fliers about dodging the military draft went against the Espionage Act of 1917 and posed a "clear and immediate danger" as it interfered with military operations or supported the U.S.'s enemies
Gitlow v New York - (1925) defined to what extent state and local governments can criminalize speech and writing if it does not result in clear and present danger
Chaplinsky v New Hampshire - (1942) clarified that offensive language was not protected under the 1st Amendment's free speech clause as it counts as "fighting words" which is unconstitutional
United States v O'Brien - (1968) O'Brien was initially convicted to burning his own draft card. Court ruled that the federal government establishing a system to raise an army was unrelated to freedom of expression
West Virginia Board of Education v Barnette - (1943) ruled that the free speech clause protects students from being forced to salute the U.S. flag or saying the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools
Tinker v Des Moines - (1969) public schools cannot censor student's freedom of expression involving symbolic speech and in this case, their students were protesting the Vietnam War using black armbands
New York Times v United States - (1971) the government can't prohibit the NY Times from publishing their secret history of their involvement in the Vietnam War, which had been compiled by the military
Buckley v Valeo - (1975) parts of the FECA (federal election campaign act), which regulates and sets limits on campaign expenditures, was declared unconstitutional
Texas v Johnson - (1989) flag burning was protected under the 1st Amendment's free speech clause
Morse v Frederick - (2007) "Bong Hits 4 Jesus"; Court ruled that the 1st Amendment does not prevent school administrators from restricting a student's speech if they believe that they're promoting illegal drug use
De Jonge v Oregon - (1937) De Jonge was arrested for speaking at a Communist Party meeting; Court overruled Oregon's "criminal syndicalism" law as the 1st Amendment protects peaceful protest and freedom of speech
Brandenburg v Ohio - (1969) government cannot punish inflammatory speech unless it was used to "incite or produce imminent lawless action" or is "likely to incite or produce such an action"
Pickering v Board of Education - (1968) a teacher's letter criticizing the Board of Education that led to his termination was protected under the 1st Amendment as it did not interfere with his ability to teach and contributed to public discussion
Near v Minnesota - (1931) involved freedom of press involving preventing the publishing of "defamatory" articles; Supreme Court ruled that the government couldn't engage in prior restraint, a form of censorship
United States v Miller - (1939) people don't have the right to own a sawed-off shotgun because Court ruled that it did contribute to the preservation of a "well regulated militia"
District of Columbia v Heller - (2008) banned laws requiring a trigger lock mechanism for a gun and prohibiting the ownership of operable handguns
McDonald v Chicago - (2010) Chicago's handgun ban was reversed since it went against the 14th Amendment's clause about how the government wasn't not allowed to deprive someone of their "life, liberty, and property"
Wolf v Colorado - (1949) while the unwarranted seizing for and of evidence for trial goes against the 4th Amendment, the exclusionary rule does not apply to states, only in federal cases
Mapp v Ohio - (1961) evidence obtained when the government invades one's right to privacy in their homes, violates both the Fourth and Fifth Amendment
Riley v California - (2014) evidence obtained for unreasonable searches through a defendant's phone goes against a person's right to privacy, violating the Fourth Amendment
Escobedo v Illinois - (1964) denying the arrested from contacting a lawyer goes against the Sixth Amendment's clause of "right to counsel"
Miranda v Arizona - (1966) a criminal has the right to have their rights told to them before they self-incriminate during interrogation; led to the Miranda warnings being a standard in court proceedings
New York v Quarles - (1984) there is a "public safety" exception when a police officer doesn't finish reading the Miranda warnings before the suspect incriminate themselves; the Miranda rights do not have to be read if the suspect is deemed to pose a danger to public safety
Hamdi v Rumsfeld - (2004) the government can't detain a U.S. citizen as an "enemy combatant" and deprive them their rights to counsel and to know why they were deemed as the enemy
Gregg v Georgia - (1976) the death penalty is not prohibited under the 8th and 14th Amendment
Gonzales v Oregon - (2006) the CSA doesn't have the authority to prohibit substances used in assisted suicides because of the Death with Dignity Act
Gitlow v New York - (1923) speech that advocates for the violent overthrow of the government is not protected under the 1st Amendment
Pierce v Society of Sisters - (1925) took place in Oregon and dealt with the Compulsory Education Act of 1922, which required every child in the state to attend public schools; Parents have the right to decide where their child can receive their education, even if it's from a private school
Powell v Alabama - (1932) trials against the blacks youths involved in this case violated the Due Process Clause; if defendants are unable to represent themselves, in a capital case, the trial judge must appoint counsel to them, even if they themselves didn't request it
Cantwell v Connecticut - (1940) the rights to preach an individual's religious views (in this case, Jehovah's Witnesses) is protected under the 1st Amendment since that form of speech didn't advocate for violence
Wolf v Colorado - (1949) illegally seized evidence did not have to be excluded from trials in court cases
Griswold v Connecticut - (1965) Court ruled that the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on contraception (ex. contraceptives) is protected
Roe v Wade - (1973) made it legal for women to get an abortion without excessive interference from the government
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie v Earls - (2002) making drug testing mandatory for middle/high schoolers in order to participate in extracurricular activities is legal under the 4th Amendment
Brown v Board of Education - (1954) ruled segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional
Plessy v Ferguson - (1896) racial segregation was legal under the doctrine of “separate but equal”
Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg Country Schools - (1970) the federal Court has the power to oversee and enforce desegregation in public schools
Milliken v Bradley - (1974) Detroit does not have to adhere to desegregation of public schools in their districts if their segregation isn't racially charged; not every school has to have a racial balance in their population if they're unable to
California Board of Regents v Bakke - (1978) while race can be considered during the application process, but having special admissions to accept minorities only to meet a racial quota is not constitutional under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
United Steelworkers of America v. Weber - (1979) the company wanted to maintain their balance in the amount of black and white workers in their training program; their affirmative action plan to employ more minority workers is considered constitutional
Grutter v Bollinger - (2003) since the University of Michigan's law school only considers race for undergraduate applicants under strict scrutiny, their admissions process was Constitutional
Gatz v Bollinger - (2003) determined that the University of Michigan's admissions went against the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause because of their preferences towards minorities in expanding student diversity; considering race as a factor should only be limited to individual evaluations
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