block grant - grant from federal government for states to use for a wide range of services
categorical grant - grant given to states by the national government with strict administrative limits
concurrent powers - given to state and federal governments; power used for taxing, borrowing, and making & enforcing laws
cooperative federalism - "marble cake federalism"; where both state and federal governments coordinate to solve national problems and their boundaries of powers are blurred
creeping categorization - when block grants become more restrictive/become more like categorical grants
devolution - where a unitary government's powers are distributed among subnational units
dual federalism - "layer cake federalism"; powers between state and federal governments are clearly defined
elastic clause - in Article I, Section 8; powers for the national government can be stretched to do whatever is "necessary and proper" within the confines of the Constitution
ex post facto law - forbidden by the Constitution; retroactively criminalizing an act that existed before an enactment of a law
federalism - system dividing power between national and regional governments
full faith and credit clause - Article IV, Section 1; state have to respect court decisions, acts, and contracts of other states
general revenue sharing - loose restrictions on how federalism and state governments spend their money
immigration federalism - gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handed by the federal government
new federalism - idea that decentralization of policies leads to a more efficient administrative body; reduced public spending
nullification - states can nullify a law made by the national government if they deem it unconstitutional
privileges and immunities clause - Article IV, Section 2; states aren't allowed to discriminate against out-of-state citizens
race-to-the-bottom dynamics - competing businesses lowering taxes and regulations to attract more customers, often to their workers' detriment
unfunded mandates - where a government must perform certain obligations made by the national government without the monetary means to do so
writ of habeas corpus - a person in prison can petition to a judge to question their legal reasons for why they're detained
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